Differences in small-breed dogs' body language and vocalizations in a negative context

A dog's emotional state is communicated primarily through body language, readily observable by humans and other animals. Additionally, dogs express visual and auditory signals differently according to the situation they are experiencing. However, there is a need for more research on smaller breeds since they tend to display more behavioral issues than larger breeds. The objective of the present study was to identify the behavioral characteristics of 25 dogs of three different small breeds (Chihuahua, Toy Poodle, and Miniature Schnauzer) in a negative context. We used a web-based tool called the Dog Actions Video Annotation Interface (DAVAI) to evaluate the movements of the tail, legs, snout, and vocalizations when the dogs were exposed to unfamiliar people. Our results showed no significant differences in dog behavior associated with breed. However, we identified variations in dog vocalizations explained by the sex, with male dogs whining more frequently than females. We highlight the importance of understanding dog body language and vocalizations, regardless of their breed. Our study is particularly relevant in negative contexts, where dogs may exhibit distress signals that require prompt intervention to alleviate their suffering.