Assessing the impact of CO2-equilibrated ocean alkalinity enhancement on microbial metabolic rates in an oligotrophic system

Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is a negative emissions technology (NET) that shows significant potential for climate change mitigation. By increasing the bicarbonate ion concentration in ocean water, OAE could enhance long-term carbon storage and mitigate ocean acidification. However, the side effects and/or potential co-benefits of OAE on natural planktonic communities remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, a mesocosm experiment was conducted in the oligotrophic waters of Gran Canaria. A CO2-equilibrated total alkalinity (TA) gradient was employed in increments of 300 mu mol L-1 , ranging from similar to 2400 to similar to 4800 mu mol L-1. This study represents the first attempt to evaluate the potential impacts of OAE on planktonic communities under natural conditions. The results show that net community production (NCP), gross production (GP), community respiration (CR) rates, and the metabolic balance ( GP : CR ) did not exhibit a linear response to the whole alkalinity gradient. Instead, significant polynomial and linear regression models were observed for all rates up to Delta TA 1800 mu mol L-1, in relation to the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations. Notably, the Delta TA 1500 and 1800 mu mol L-1 treatments showed peaks in NCP shifting from a heterotrophic to an autotrophic state, with NCP values of 4 and 8 mu mol O-2 kg(-1) d(-1) , respectively. These peaks and the optimum curve were also reflected in the nanoplankton abundance, size-fractionated chlorophyll a , and C-14 uptake data. Furthermore, abiotic precipitation occurred in the highest treatment after day 21, but no impact on the measured parameters was detected. Overall, a damaging effect of CO2- equilibrated OAE in the range applied here on phytoplankton primary production, community metabolism, and composition could not be inferred. In fact, a potential co-benefit to OAE was observed in the form of the positive curvilinear response to the DIC gradient up to the Delta TA 1800 treatment. Further experimental research at this scale is key to gain a better understanding of the short- and long-term effects of OAE on planktonic communities.