A circular economy integration approach into vertical farming with computer-based simulation model for resource optimization and waste reduction

Integrating circular economy into vertical farming holds promises to transform the current economic landscape and bolster environmental sustainability. However, knowledge gaps persist regarding the efficiency of vertical farming methods within the circular economy context, particularly in the development of a simulation model aimed at resource optimization and waste reduction. This study aimed to analyze the vertical farming methods in the circular economy framework and introduce a zero-waste circular economy model both experimentally and through simulation. In the study, a circular economy model was proposed and implemented, utilizing waste generated from hydroponics and aquaponics, alongside vermicompost tea and aerobic compost tea/quick compost, as nutrients for six distinct halophyte plants in the secondary farming setup. The model serves as a valuable tool for identifying and assessing critical factors influencing the circular economy principle, as well as for optimizing resource allocation and management. Over six weeks, plant growth was monitored and compared across the vertical farming methods. Results show that both hydroponic and aquaponic waste proved superior growth compared to the alternatives, highlighting vertical farming's potential for the circular economy. Using the results from the experimental observation, a simulation model was developed. The simulation model's accuracy was validated by comparing outcomes with actual data. Furthermore, the model was used to optimize for balancing resources and capacities in each stage of vertical farming. The vertical farming circular economy model proposed in this study can serve as a blueprint for agriculturalists and decision-makers to adopt more sustainable and efficient farming practices that not only reduce waste but also generate profits.