Tagraxofusp for blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm

Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare hematologic malignancy that presents with characteristic dark purple skin papules, plaques, and tumors, but may also involve the bone marrow, blood, lymph nodes, and central nervous system. The disease, which commonly affects older men but can also present in children, is associated with a distinct immunophenotype including universal expression of CD123, the alpha chain of the interleukin 3 receptor. Recently, tagraxofusp, a CD123-targeting drug consisting of the ligand for CD123, interleukin 3, conjugated to a truncated diphtheria toxin payload was approved for treatment of BPDCN. This was the first agent specifically approved for BPDCN and the first CD123 targeted agent in oncology. Here, we review the development of tagraxofusp, and the key preclinical insights and clinical data that led to approval. Tagraxofusp treatment is associated with a unique toxicity, capillary leak syndrome (CLS), which can be severe but is manageable with proper patient selection and monitoring, early recognition, and directed intervention. We outline our approach to the use of tagraxofusp and discuss open questions in the treatment of BPDCN. Overall, tagraxofusp represents a unique targeted therapy and a step forward in meeting an unmet need for patients with this rare disease.