Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignant tumor, that is becoming increasingly common in recent years. Despite advances in intensive treatment modalities including surgery, radiotherapy, biological therapy, and targeted therapy, the overall survival rate has not significantly improved in patients with pancreatic cancer. This may be attributed to the insidious onset, unknown pathophysiology, and poor prognosis of the disease. It is therefore essential to identify and develop more effective and safer treatments for pancreatic cancer. Tumor immunotherapy is the new and fourth pillar of anti-tumor therapy after surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Significant progress has made in the use of immunotherapy for a wide variety of malignant tumors in recent years; a breakthrough has also been made in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. This review describes the advances in immune checkpoint inhibitors, cancer vaccines, adoptive cell therapy, oncolytic virus, and matrix-depletion therapies for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. At the same time, some new potential biomarkers and potential immunotherapy combinations for pancreatic cancer are discussed. The molecular mechanisms of various immunotherapies have also been elucidated, and their clinical applications have been highlighted. The current challenges associated with immunotherapy and proposed strategies that hold promise in overcoming these limitations have also been discussed, with the aim of offering new insights into immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer.
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Tianjin Univ Tradit Chinese Med, Sch Integrat Med, Tianjin 300193, Peoples R China
Nankai Univ Sch Med, Inst Integrat Oncol, Tianjin Union Med Ctr, Dept Oncol, Tianjin 300071, Peoples R ChinaTianjin Univ Tradit Chinese Med, Sch Integrat Med, Tianjin 300193, Peoples R China
Xu, Qiong
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Zhou, Yan
Zhang, Heng
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Nankai Univ Sch Med, Inst Integrat Oncol, Tianjin Union Med Ctr, Dept Oncol, Tianjin 300071, Peoples R ChinaTianjin Univ Tradit Chinese Med, Sch Integrat Med, Tianjin 300193, Peoples R China
Zhang, Heng
Li, Haipeng
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Tianjin Univ Tradit Chinese Med, Sch Integrat Med, Tianjin 300193, Peoples R China
Nankai Univ Sch Med, Inst Integrat Oncol, Tianjin Union Med Ctr, Dept Oncol, Tianjin 300071, Peoples R ChinaTianjin Univ Tradit Chinese Med, Sch Integrat Med, Tianjin 300193, Peoples R China
Li, Haipeng
Qin, Haoren
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Nankai Univ Sch Med, Inst Integrat Oncol, Tianjin Union Med Ctr, Dept Oncol, Tianjin 300071, Peoples R ChinaTianjin Univ Tradit Chinese Med, Sch Integrat Med, Tianjin 300193, Peoples R China
Qin, Haoren
Wang, Hui
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Nankai Univ Sch Med, Inst Integrat Oncol, Tianjin Union Med Ctr, Dept Oncol, Tianjin 300071, Peoples R ChinaTianjin Univ Tradit Chinese Med, Sch Integrat Med, Tianjin 300193, Peoples R China
机构:University of Science and Technology of China,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine
Xiaorong Ye
Yue Yu
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机构:University of Science and Technology of China,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine
Yue Yu
Xiaohu Zheng
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机构:University of Science and Technology of China,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine
Xiaohu Zheng
Hongdi Ma
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机构:University of Science and Technology of China,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine
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Univ Genoa, Dept Internal Med & Med Specialties, Genoa, Italy
IRCCS Osped Policlin San Martino, Genoa, ItalyUniv Genoa, Dept Internal Med & Med Specialties, Genoa, Italy
Nencioni, Alessio
Caffa, Irene
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Univ Genoa, Dept Internal Med & Med Specialties, Genoa, ItalyUniv Genoa, Dept Internal Med & Med Specialties, Genoa, Italy
Caffa, Irene
Cortellino, Salvatore
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FIRC Inst Mol Oncol, IFOM, Milan, ItalyUniv Genoa, Dept Internal Med & Med Specialties, Genoa, Italy
Cortellino, Salvatore
Longo, Valter D.
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FIRC Inst Mol Oncol, IFOM, Milan, Italy
Univ Southern Calif, Longev Inst, Leonard Davis Sch Gerontol, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
Univ Southern Calif, Dept Biol Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USAUniv Genoa, Dept Internal Med & Med Specialties, Genoa, Italy