Seasonal and Interannual Variability in the Distribution and Removal of Terrigenous Dissolved Organic Carbon in the Amazon River Plume

The Amazon River is a large source of terrigenous dissolved organic carbon (tDOC) to the Atlantic Ocean. The fate of this tDOC in the ocean remains unclear despite its importance to the global carbon cycle. Here, we used two decades of satellite ocean color to describe variability in tDOC in the Amazon River plume. Our analyses showed that tDOC distribution has a distinct seasonal pattern, reaching northwest toward the Caribbean during high discharge periods, and moving eastward entrained in the North Brazil Current retroflection during low discharge periods. Elevated tDOC content extended beyond the shelfbreak in all months of the year, suggesting that cross-shelf carbon transport occurs year-round. Maximum variability was found at the plume core, where seasonality accounted for 40% of the total variance, while interannual variability accounted for 15% of the variance. Our results revealed a seasonal pattern in tDOC removal over the shelf with increased consumption in May when river discharge is high. Anomalies in tDOC removal over the shelf with respect to the seasonal cycle were significantly correlated with anomalies in tDOC concentration offshore of the shelfbreak with a lag of 30-40 days, so that anomalously high inshore tDOC removal was associated with anomalously low tDOC content offshore. This suggests that variability in the offshore transport of tDOC in the Amazon River plume is modulated by interannual changes in tDOC removal over the shelf. The Amazon River is an important source of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of terrigenous origin to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often difficult to characterize the distribution and variability of this material in the ocean due to the lack of high resolution in situ observations spanning long periods of time. Here, we used satellite observations of terrigenous DOC (tDOC) to describe the behavior of the plume at seasonal and interannual scales. Our analyses showed that enhanced tDOC content is observed offshore of the continental margin during all months of the year, extending toward the Caribbean during high river discharge conditions and eastward during low discharge conditions associated with variability in the large-scale circulation. Our results also revealed that tDOC removal over the shelf varies seasonally, being enhanced earlier in the year when river discharge is high. Anomalies in tDOC removal over the shelf are significantly correlated with anomalies in tDOC content offshore with a lag of 30-40 days, suggesting that the offshore transport of carbon is modulated by tDOC consumption over the shelf. Satellite ocean color was used to describe variability in terrigenous dissolved organic carbon (tDOC) in the Amazon River plume tDOC degradation and/or flocculation over the shelf increase early in the year when river discharge also increases Interannual variability in tDOC content off the continental margin is related to variability in tDOC removal over the shelf