Leveraging biomimetic synthesis strategy for nextgeneration dendritic cell nanovaccines

The activation of CD8 + cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) plays the central role in cancer immunotherapy, which depends on the efficient recognition of peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) by the T cell receptor (TCR) for the first signal, and B7-CD28 co-stimulating for the second signal. To achieve the potent immune stimulatory effect, a genetically engineered cellular membrane nanovesicles platform that integrates antigen selfpresentation and immunosuppression reversal (ASPIRE) for cancer immunotherapy was designed. In preclinical mouse models, ASPIRE could markedly improve antigen delivery to lymphoid organs and generate broad-spectrum T-cell responses that eliminate established tumors. This review highlights that the ASPIRE system represents a novel strategy for personalized cancer immunotherapy.