Echocardiographic Evaluation of Infants Born to Mothers with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-sectional Analytical Study

Introduction: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a chronic and progressive disease characterised by changes in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, leading to glucose intolerance. The foetal heart in GDM is affected throughout the gestational period, which may result in hyperplasia and hypertrophy of myocardial cells. Aim: To determine the cardiac function and structural changes in infants of gestational diabetic mothers using Dopplerechocardiographic data. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 30 infants of mothers with GDM and 30 infants of non diabetic mothers at the Department of Physiology, R.G. Kar Medical College and Hospital, in collaboration with the Departments of Paediatric Medicine and Cardiology from January 2023 to August 2023. Neonatal screening echocardiography was performed by a cardiologist using a Philips Echocardiograph machine, Model: EPIQ 7C, Software Version: 4.0.2, with a linear convex probe of S8-3 MHz frequency to assess cardiac structure and function using 2D, M mode, and Conventional Doppler. The parameters studied included aortic root diameter (mm), left atrial diameter (mm), Interventricular Septal (IVS) in diastole (mm), left ventricular posterior wall thickness in diastole (mm), left ventricular internal diameter in diastole (mm), left ventricular internal diameter in end systole (mm), left ventricular fractional shortening (%), and left ventricular ejection fraction (%). Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version-20.0 with an Independent Student's t-test. Results: The mean gestational age for the cases was 38.50 +/- 2.57 weeks and 39.30 +/- 1.97 weeks for controls. The mean maternal age for cases was 25 +/- 4.37 years and for controls was 27 +/- 5.03 years. The left atrial diameter in cases (12.83 +/- 2.14 mm) was significantly smaller than that of the control (14.20 +/- 0.55 mm). The left ventricular posterior wall diameter in diastole was significantly increased in cases (4.53 +/- 0.50 mm) compared to controls (3.87 +/- 0.35 mm). Significant differences were observed in the interventricular septum in diastole {cases: 4.73 +/- 0.45 mm, control: 3.97 +/- 0.32 mm} and in the left ventricular internal diameter in end systole {cases: 12.30 +/- 1.84 mm, control: 13.83 +/- 1.02 mm} between cases and controls. Aortic root diameter was increased in 13.3% of cases. The percentage of left ventricular fractional shortening (cases: 35.47 +/- 3.74 %, Control: 38.53 +/- 2.43 %), Left Ventricular Ejection fraction (cases: 67.63 +/- 4.52 %, control: 72.17 +/- 4.89 %) were significantly decreased in cases compared to control. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated the development of ventricular hypertrophy and compromised myocardial contractility in infants of diabetic mothers.