Impacts of Global Navigation Satellite System Jamming on Aviation

Global navigation satellite systems have enabled significant improvements in aeronautical navigation. However, in recent years, a growing number of interference events have been reported by flight crews. In this paper, we first identify such events using crowd-sourced surveillance data collected between February and December 2022 for three different regions: the Baltic states, eastern Europe bordering the Black Sea, and the eastern Mediterranean. Then, we assess the extent and duration of these events to determine their impact on civil aviation. The analysis shows different characteristics, ranging from isolated events to regular large-scale and recurrent disruptions. Next, we identify aircraft types for the affected flights and evaluate flight plan data with respect to navigation equipment in order to identify flights that rely solely on satellite navigation and that might require assistance in the case of a loss of satellite navigation. Finally, we show the impact of radio frequency interference (RFI) on a selected passenger flight by analyzing automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast data as well as avionics data obtained from the airline's flight data monitoring department for that specific flight and link the observations to the warnings triggered by the aircraft to alert the flight crew while encountering RFI.