Citizenship education in the curriculum. Towards a model of universal citizenship

Objective. The aim of this paper is to analyze citizenship education in the curricula of Spain, Germany and France in order to know how future citizens are being educated and to glimpse if the creation of a universal citizenship is being pursued. Methods. Through qualitative research, the pedagogical approaches proposed for ECE in each educational curriculum, the curricular objectives and specific pedagogical contents are analyzed in order to show the differences and similarities between the three countries through a comparative study. Results. ECE is dealt with differently in the educational curricula of the different European countries. The present study highlights the existing differences in the implementation of EfC within school curricula, resulting in differences in the education of future generations of young people and, consequently, creating differences among European citizens, making it difficult to create a universal citizenship. Conclusions. In response to the questions posed in this paper, it can be determined that there is a change in the vision of ECE in the curricula of European countries. However, not all of them integrate it in the same way or give it the same importance.