Harvesting efficiency and understory damage with different cutting methods on two storied stands of silver birch and Norway spruce

Uneven -aged forests set certain challenges for cut -to -length harvesting work. It is a challenge to cost-effectively remove larger trees while leaving a healthy understory for regrowth. The study's aim was to evaluate productivity and costs of harvesting two -storied silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) stands by creating time consumption models for cutting, and using existing models for forwarding. Damage to the remaining understory spruce was also examined. Four different harvesting methods were used: 1) all dominant birches were cut; 2) half of them thinned and understory was preserved; compared to 3) normal thinning of birch stand without understory; and 4) clear cutting of two -storied stand. Results showed the time needed for birch cutting was 26-30% lower when the understory was not preserved. Pulpwood harvesting of small sized spruces that prevent birch cutting was expensive, especially because of forwarding of small amounts with low timber density on the strip roads. Generally, when taking the cutting and forwarding into account, the unit cost at clear cuttings was lowest, due to lesser limitations on work. It was noted that with increasing removal from 100 to 300 m3 ha-1, the relative share of initial undamaged spruces after the harvest decreased from 65 to 50% when the aim was to preserve them. During summertime harvesting, the amount of stem damage was bigger than during winter. In conclusion, two -storied stands are possible to transit to spruce stands by accepting some losses in harvesting productivity and damages on remaining trees.