High-density electric source imaging patterns and outcomes following temporal lobectomy in patients with hippocampal sclerosis

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to ascertain specific patterns of electrical source imaging (ESI) that are associated with a good surgical outcome (no seizure recurrence) using 256 -channel high -density (HD) electroencephalography (EEG) in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-HS) who underwent temporal lobectomy. METHODS Adult patients (age >= 18 years) were prospectively recruited from September 2016 to May 2020 at the authors' center. All patients underwent phase I presurgical evaluation and were subsequently advised to proceed with surgery based on consensus from a multidisciplinary epilepsy conference, without knowing HD-ESI results. All recruited patients were followed for at least 12 months after surgery. The outcome of interest was a status of no seizure recurrence, which was assessed at the end of the study. The association between ESI patterns and outcome was assessed using the chi-square or Fisher exact test. Associated p values as well as odds ratios and 95% CIs were reported. The diagnostic performance of the significant pattern associated with the outcome was also evaluated. RESULTS Fifty-eight patients with known predictors for either good or worse surgical outcomes were recruited. The mean postoperative follow-up period was 33.34 (SD 13.88) months. Forty-seven patients had sufficient interictal epilep- tiform discharges for HD-ESI analysis. Thirteen of these 47 patients experienced seizure recurrence. The most common source localizations were at Brodmann area (BA) 20 (inferior temporal area) and BA 21 (middle temporal area). A specific ESI pattern of BA 21 without extratemporal sources was significantly associated with no seizure recurrence (p = 0.047). This pattern had a high positive predictive value of 100% and false -positive rate of 0% associated with no seizure recurrence following the surgery. CONCLUSIONS A specific ESI pattern that was highly associated with no seizure recurrence following surgery was demonstrated by a 256 -channel HD -EEG. If this pattern can be reproducibly proven in further studies, some TLE-HS patients may be able to proceed with surgery without further investigations.