Advances in management of heart failure

Heart failure is increasing in prevalence in many countries with aging populations. Fortunately, remarkable scientific advances have been made in the past few years that have led to new treatments and improved prognosis for patients with heart failure. This review examines these changes with a focus on the diagnosis and medical management of heart failure. The changes include the increase to four foundational drug classes (pillars of therapy) now recommended for patients with heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, use of sodiumglucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors for those with a higher ejection fraction, and the importance of rapid initiation of life prolonging therapies once a diagnosis of heart failure has been made. Device management and other non -drug management have also evolved with the publication of new clinical trials. The review emphasizes evidence published since the recent heart failure guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology and American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/ Heart Failure Society of America in 2021 and 2022. Additional studies are needed to determine how best to implement these new interventions in clinical practice.