Regional scaling of sea surface temperature with global warming levels in the CMIP6 ensemble

Sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface air temperature (SSAT) are commonly used as proxies for investigating the impact of climate change on oceans. These variables have been warming since pre-industrial times and are expected to continue to warm in the future under all Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). However, they are warming in a spatially heterogeneous way, even with some cooling spots. In this work, we provide a general overview on the regional scaling of SST and SSAT with global warming, based on a 26-member CMIP6 ensemble. We utilize the global warming level (GWL) as a climate change dimension to analyze scaling patterns between sea temperature anomalies and the corresponding GWLs during the 21st century. This analysis is conducted globally, regionally, and on grid-point basis. The results show that SST and SSAT scale linearly with GWL at global scale, with scaling factors beta \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\beta $$\end{document} = 0.71 +/- 0.001 K/K and beta \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\beta $$\end{document} = 0.86 +/- 0.001 K/K, respectively. These results are robust, showing only minor differences between seasons, SSPs, and horizontal model resolutions. However, large differences emerge at regional scale, and the scaling of the two temperatures are strongly influenced by sea-ice. The lowest values are obtained for the Southern Ocean region, beta \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\beta $$\end{document} = 0.54 +/- 0.005 K/K, projecting that the mean SST will increase only half as fast as the global mean temperature. These results provide valuable insight for refining the ocean IPCC reference regions, considering spatial homogeneity in terms of the regional response to global warming. A refinement of six ocean reference regions has been proposed.