Serial X-ray liquidography: multi-dimensional assay framework for exploring biomolecular structural dynamics with microgram quantities

Understanding protein structure and kinetics under physiological conditions is crucial for elucidating complex biological processes. While time-resolved (TR) techniques have advanced to track molecular actions, their practical application in biological reactions is often confined to reversible photoreactions within limited experimental parameters due to inefficient sample utilization and inflexibility of experimental setups. Here, we introduce serial X-ray liquidography (SXL), a technique that combines time-resolved X-ray liquidography with a fixed target of serially arranged microchambers. SXL breaks through the previously mentioned barriers, enabling microgram-scale TR studies of both irreversible and reversible reactions of even a non-photoactive protein. We demonstrate its versatility in studying a wide range of biological reactions, highlighting its potential as a flexible and multi-dimensional assay framework for kinetic and structural characterization. Leveraging X-ray free-electron lasers and micro-focused X-ray pulses promises further enhancements in both temporal resolution and minimizing sample quantity. SXL offers unprecedented insights into the structural and kinetic landscapes of molecular actions, paving the way for a deeper understanding of complex biological processes.