A Knowledge-based Decision Support System for recommending safe recipes to individuals with dysphagia

Background: Dysphagia is a disorder that can be associated to several pathological conditions, including neuromuscular diseases, with significant impact on quality of life. Dysphagia often leads to malnutrition, as a consequence of the dietary changes made by patients or their caregivers, who may deliberately decide to reduce or avoid specific food consistencies (because they are not perceived as safe), and the lack of knowledge in how to process foods are critics. Such dietary changes often result in unbalanced nutrients intake, which can have significant consequences for frail patients. This paper presents the development of a prototypical novel ontologybased Decision Support System (DSS) to support neuromuscular patients with dysphagia (following a per-oral nutrition) and their caregivers in preparing nutritionally balanced and safe meals. Method: After reviewing scientific literature, we developed in collaboration with Ear-Nose-Throat (ENT) specialists, neurologists, and dieticians the DSS formalizes expert knowledge to suggest recipes that are considered safe according to patient's consistency limitations and dysphagia severity and also nutritionally well-balanced. Results: The prototype can be accessed via digital applications both by physicians to generate and verify the recommendations, and by the patients and their caregivers to follow the step-by-step procedures to autonomously prepare and process one or more recipe. The system is evaluated with 9 clinicians to assess the quality of the DSS's suggested recipes and its acceptance in clinical practice. Conclusions: Preliminary results suggest a global positive outcome for the recipes inferred by the DSS and a good usability of the system.