Virtual reality exergames for improving physical function, cognition and depression among older nursing home residents: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective: To explore the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) exergames on physical function, cognition and depression among older nursing home residents. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted. The PubMed, Ovid, Embase, Cochrane, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant studies from inception until June 1, 2023. The reviewers independently completed the study selection, data extraction and quality assessment. Subgroup analyses were conducted to explore the sources of between-study heterogeneity and to determine whether participant or intervention characteristics influenced effect sizes. Results: Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were selected for qualitative and quantitative synthesis. The overall methodological quality was relatively high, and the overall evidence grade was moderate. VR exergames had a large effect on physical function, including mobility [SMD=-0.66, P < 0.001], balance [SMD=0.95, P < 0.001], and lower limb strength [SMD=0.53, P = 0.0009]; and a moderate effect on cognition [SMD=0.48, P = 0.02] and depression [SMD=-0.72, P = 0.03]. Subgroup analyses revealed that a training frequency of 2 sessions per week and coordinating with physiotherapists yielded greater improvements in mobility ( P = 0.009; P = 0.0001). VR exergames had especially beneficial effects on balance for physically fi t participants ( P = 0.03) and on cognition for participants with cognitive impairment ( P = 0.01). Additionally, regarding the improvement of depression, commercial VR exergames were superior to self-made systems ( P = 0.03). Conclusion: VR exergames can provide a positive impact on physical function, cognition and depression among older nursing home residents. The study also demonstrated the different bene fits of exergames between participants who were physically fi t and those with cognitive impairment, which is considered as an innovative, cost-efficient and sustainable approach. Specifically, commercial VR exergame programs with a frequency of 2 sessions per week and coordinating with physiotherapists may be the most appropriate and effective option. (c) 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.