Towards the new era of wastewater treatment of China: Development history, current status, and future directions

Water is essential for the sustainable development of human society. With the largest population and rapid economic development, water usage and treatment in China have grown tremendously in the past decades. In order to prevent water pollution, the standards for wastewater ef fluent discharge in China have been gradually developed and implemented since 1973. After the rapid development during over 40 years, numerous milestones have been achieved in terms of infrastructure coverage, standard and policy system establishment, and technological innovations. In this article, we reviewed the development history and the current status of the wastewater treatment in China, including the generation of wastewater, the construction of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), the overall treatment performance of WWTPs, as well as the developments in ef fluent discharge standards. In addition, we highlighted the challenges lying ahead in the aspects of in fluent concentration, sludge disposal and water reclamation. Based on the achievement and foundation built in the past, the new era of wastewater treatment of China is on the way, in which water reclamation, wastewater treatment in rural areas and resource/energy recovery from sludge are becoming the main tasks.