Much hypothesized, rarely tested: Public preschool attendance predicts executive functioning skills in 3rd grade

Public preschool enhances consequential long-term education, economic, and health outcomes in adolescence and adulthood. One much-hypothesized-but rarely tested-explanation is that preschool predicts improved executive functioning (EF) in middle childhood. Our study provides empirical support linking preschool to middle childhood EF. We draw on a large, racially-diverse sample of children from low-income families in Tulsa, OK (N = 685, Mage at 3rd = 8.5 years), home to a nationally-recognized universal public preschool program administered in school-based pre-k and Head Start classrooms. Using propensity score weighting, we compare the 3rd grade EF skills of children who attended school-based pre-k or Head Start to those who did not. School-based pre-k attendance predicts better impulse control and working memory skills in 3rd grade (d = .35-.37); Head Start attendance predicts better working memory (d = .47). This evidence highlights public preschool's potential to promote the EF skills of diverse children from low-income families into middle childhood.