Advances in electrochemical detection of bacterial biofilm metabolites Niloofar Haghighian and Ritu Kataky

Bacterial biofilms are structured communities of microorganisms that play a critical role in various industries and healthcare settings, contributing to chronic infections and biofouling issues. Understanding the metabolites produced by bacterial biofilms is of paramount importance to detect their growth patterns, virulence, and responses to treatment strategies. Electrochemical detection has emerged as a powerful and versatile tool for real-time, label -free, and sensitive analysis of bacterial biofilm metabolites. This review paper investigates recent breakthroughs in the field of electrochemical detection, focusing on the principles, methodologies, and applications of this cutting -edge technology. It includes a comprehensive examination of electrochemical sensors and their various modifications, designed to enhance sensitivity and specificity. Finally, the paper emphasisesing the potential for novel electrochemical techniques and their integration into clinical and industrial settings.