Zygoptera / Anisoptera (Insecta: Odonata) ratio as a tool to assess anthropogenic changes in Brazilian Cerrado streams

Aquatic ecosystems are among the most affected by anthropogenic impacts, and the rapid detection and measurement of these impacts are of great importance for the maintenance of such environments. The order of aquatic insects Odonata has emerged as an important bioindicator of environmental quality due to its sensitivity to environmental changes and its ecophysiological requirements, which make them closely associated with habitat conditions. The aim of this study was to test whether the Zygoptera/Anisoptera ratio can be used as an effective tool to assess anthropogenic changes in Cerrado streams. Our hypothesis is that the proportion of Zygoptera/Anisoptera is an efficient tool for measuring environmental alterations in Cerrado streams, with a positive relationship between habitat integrity and the proportion of Zygoptera and an inverse relationship with the proportion of Anisoptera. Adults were collected in 44 streams of the Cerrado Biome in the eastern Maranh & atilde;o state. The Habitat Integrity Index (HII) was used to verify the environmental gradient. Our hypothesis was corroborated, with a positive relationship between the richness and abundance of Zygoptera and HII, while an inverse relationship was observed for Anisoptera. According to our results, streams exhibiting a Zygoptera abundance of 68% or higher and richness of 58% or higher can be classified as preserved, while those showing an Anisoptera abundance and richness surpassing 31% and 41%, respectively, may be deemed altered. The patterns detected in the Cerrado were similar to those found in studies of the Amazon Biome and the Atlantic Forest, confirming the effectiveness of this method even for naturally open environments, such as the Cerrado. We conclude, therefore, that this method can be used as a tool to generate rapid results in monitoring studies, with low cost and easy application, enabling the development of mitigation, control, and conservation measures for extremely threatened environments such as those found in the Cerrado Biome.