Assessment of contamination level of radon (222Rn) in drinking water around Tulsishyam geothermal area and Savarkundla fault in Saurashtra, India

This study aimed to estimate radon concentrations in groundwater and surface water to evaluate radon (Rn-222) contamination in drinking water within the Amreli region of Saurashtra, Gujarat, India. Water samples from 84 sites, covering about 3000 km(2), were analyzed using the RAD7 device from Durridge Instruments. Samples were collected in 250 ml radon-tight bottles. Radon concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 13.6 Bq/L, averaging 4.52 Bq/L. At three sites (P9, P29, P35), radon levels exceeded the USEPA limit of 11.1 Bq/L. P9 and P29 are near the Tulsishyam geothermal area, while P35 is close to the Savarkundla fault. Geothermal fluids in Tulsishyam may facilitate radon migration, and swarm-type earthquakes near Savarkundla could also contribute to radon migration. Concurrently, physicochemical parameters like Potential of Hydrogen (pH) and Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) were measured, with no significant correlation found between radon levels and these parameters. Samples were taken from tube wells with depths ranging from 105 to 750 feet, averaging 359 feet. A strong and significant correlation (0.83) was observed between radon concentration and water depth. Health risks from radon exposure were assessed by estimating annual effective dose rates for different age groups through ingestion and inhalation. In some instances, the annual effective dose rate surpassed the WHO-recommended value of 100 mu Sv/year. However, in most instances, the presence of radon in the water does not indicate a significant radiological risk.