Attachment style and social behavior in dogs from commercial breeding kennels

Much of the demand for purebred dogs in the USA is met by commercial breeding kennels (CBKs). In CBKs, adult dogs have been reported to exhibit signs of fear towards strangers. Social fear is a particular welfare concern as it may lead to acute and chronic stress in the kennel, and later, after dogs are retired and rehomed. Studies on pet and shelter dogs have shown that the type of attachment style dogs have with their caretakers is associated with their social behavior towards strangers. Thus, the aims of this study were to characterize the attachment styles of dogs from CBKs to their caretakers, and investigate relationships between the types of attachment styles observed and social fear behaviors in the dogs. Forty-eight adult dogs were tested from three CBKs in Indiana, USA. Twenty (41.67%) dogs were classified as secure, 16 (33.33%) as insecure ambivalent, 9 (18.75%) as insecure avoidant, and 3 (6.25%) as insecure disorganized. Generalized linear mixed -effects models showed that secure and ambivalent dogs approached the stranger more frequently (X (2) = 24.636, p < 0.001), and solicited contact more frequently (X (2) = 13.092, p = 0.004) than did avoidant dogs. Wilcoxon Signed -Rank Tests showed that secure, ambivalent, and avoidant dogs all initially approached the stranger more quickly in the Paired -Effect test (when the caretaker was present) than in the Stranger Arena test ( p < 0.05). Secure and ambivalent dogs also spent more time in proximity to ( p < 0.001) and solicited more contact from ( p < 0.01) the stranger in the PairedEffect test than in the Stranger Arena test. These results suggest that there is an association between type of attachment style and fear behaviors towards a stranger in this sample of dogs. Understanding connections between attachment style and social fear, and their implications for stress and welfare in dogs from CBKs may help inform breeders' socialization, social interactions, and related management practices. This in turn may help to reduce dogs' social fear and enhance their long-term welfare outcomes in the kennel. These insights may also aid rehoming efforts, as breeders could potentially inform new owners about behaviors they might expect from their dogs, which might help avoid mismatches in expectations, and in so doing, help keep dogs in their homes.