Interactions among the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the biosphere and the lithosphere in Earth, are being paid great attention in geosciences due to the rapid disciplinary development of Earth system science in the world. One of the critical issues of understanding the dynamics to regulate Earth system is to decipher the interactions between the Earth surface system and the deep Earth, which in turn led to the co-evolution of all the subsystems of the whole Earth in geological history, finally providing the mankind with the habitable Earth. It is well known about the great impacts of deep processes, in particular volcanisms, on the surface system, while we know much less on the impacts of the surface system on the deep Earth via, in particular, the subduction of the tectonic plate. Subduction could transport a huge amount of sediments to the transitional zones of the mantle or even to the boundary between the mantle and the core, i.e., the so-called D '' layer at the bottom of the mantle; this causes, partly if not wholly, the heterogeneous distribution of the materials in the mantle. In particular, the addition of water into the deep Earth will greatly enhance the capacity of melting and the convention of the mantle materials, which in turn favors the deep processes including magmatism, metamorphisms, and plate tectonic movements. The destruction of the North China Craton and the associated variation of the lithosphere could be an important reflection of the water impact on deep Earth via the plate subduction. Some important biogenic elements, including carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, etc., could also exert important impacts on the chemical composition of the deep Earth. In addition to the impact on the structure and processes of the deep Earth, the surface system will also exert impacts on the geological evolution of deep processes. Two enhanced lubrication events were recently proposed to occur on subductions in Early Proterozoic and late Proterozoic, respectively, due to the enhanced accumulation of oceanic sediments. These lubrication events identified are associated with the episodes of active global tectonic movements which in turn affect the formation of two supercontinents, the well-known Columbia and Gondwana supercontinents. These associations show their causal relationship, exemplifying the great impact of oceanic sediments on deep processes. This proposal awaits further investigations, though the causal relationship between enhanced subduction of sediments and the phased orogenic activity in Cenozoic was widely discussed before, concerning the Andes and Himalayan mountains. In phanerozoic, impacts of the surface system on the deep Earth were also identified. The development of terrestrial higher plants was believed to be one of the most important events in the biosphere. This major biotic event led to the wide occurrence of claystone in sediments in the recent 430 million years, which further left some influential imprints on magmatic rocks featured by a shift of the isotope compositions. Furthermore, about 200 million years ago, the origin of the phytoplankton (i.e., coccolithophores) caused the changes in the composition of oceanic sediments, in particular the elevated abundance of carbonate minerals in deep oceans. These sediments in the sea floor were subducted into the mantle and left some fingerprints on magmatic rocks, in particular causing a shift in kimberlite composition. These are very few but important examples about the recent findings of the impact of the surface system on deep processes. Yet, the cycle and the evolution of the sediments subducted into the mantle transitional zones are to be deciphered in detail, and it still remains unclear if water subducted into the mantle could alter the evolutionary direction of the deep Earth. This awaits the innovation of the methodology and techniques to quantitatively trace the process of these materials subducted into the deep Earth.
