Imaging the acute complications of gender-affirming surgeries: a primer for radiologists in the emergency setting

Gender-affirming surgery (GAS) is increasingly being performed. GAS is tailored to the patient leading to a diverse spectrum of radiologic post-operative findings. Radiologists who are unfamiliar with expected anatomic alterations after GAS may misdiagnose important complications leading to adverse patient outcomes. This collaborative multi-institutional review aims to:Describe relevant embryology and native anatomy.Describe relevant Gender-Affirming Surgery (GAS) techniques and expected neo-anatomy with associated complications, including common terminology.Review expected imaging appearance of neo-anatomy/postoperative findings.Review multi-modality [ultrasound, plain film, retrograde urethrogram, computed tomography] emergent imaging findings.Understand unique patient evaluation and imaging protocol considerations in the GAS population.Discuss pearls and pitfalls of imaging in the acute post-GAS setting.