Effect of oxygen substitution and oxycarbide formation on oxidation of Ti3AlC2 MAX phase

MAX phases, ternary transition metal carbides and nitrides, represent one of the largest families of layered materials. They also serve as precursors to MXenes, two-dimensional (2D) carbides and nitrides. The possibility of oxygen substitution in the carbon sublattice, forming oxycarbide MAX phases and MXenes, was recently reported using secondary ion mass spectrometry. However, while the effect of oxygen substitution on the properties of MXenes was investigated, little is known about its effect on the properties of MAX phases. Here, we explore the influence of process parameters (e.g., particle size, synthesis temperature, annealing time, etc.) and oxygen presence in the lattice on the oxidation resistance of Ti(3)AlC(2 )MAX phase powders. We show that X-ray diffraction measurements can identify oxygen substitution and assist in selecting MAX precursors to synthesize stable and highly conductive MXenes. Eliminating the substitutional oxygen from the MAX phase lattice increases the onset of oxidation by 400 degrees C, from approximately 490 to 890 degrees C. Finally, we discuss the impact of oxygen substitution in the MAX phases on the synthesis of MXenes and their resulting properties.