A state-of-the-art review of the electrocoagulation technology for wastewater treatment

The continued increase in urbanisation and industrialisation across the world has dramatically increased the amount and variety of waste, and, in particular, wastewater, being generated. Wastewaters contain a large variety of both organic and inorganic contaminants. Various wastewater treatment technologies have been developed over the last few decades to address the increasing concern around effective contaminant removal from wastewater. Electrocoagulation (EC) is one such technology that is broad -based, highly reliable, and cost-effective. It also has a high pollutant removal efficiency and generates less sludge when compared with other techniques. However, despite being effectively used to treat a wide range of wastewater, a thorough examination of its efficiency under various process variables has not been critically examined. Various operating factors, such as pH, current density, the conductivity of the solution, electrode material, and mixing conditions, impact the electrocoagulation system. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the electrocoagulation technique and examine the current challenges to the efficiency of the technique due to the various operating conditions. Some recent advances in the EC technology that present opportunities to improve treatment efficiency and increase the scope to treat newer varieties of wastewater are addressed.