Numerical investigation on the effects of heel on the aerodynamic performance of wing sails

The utilization of wind -assisted propulsion technology could reduce ship fuel consumption and emission of pollutants. In the study, the effect of steady heel angles on the aerodynamic characteristics of wing sails was investigated. Full-scale three-dimensional simulations with the ship ' s superstructure were conducted at heel angles of 0 degrees - 15 degrees in all apparent wind directions. The correctness of the numerical computations is verified by comparing them with the wind tunnel experimental data. Overall, the heel is detrimental to the capture of wind energy by the wing sails. The aerodynamic forces of the sail system decrease with increasing heel angles. Specifically, the average thrust performance is attenuated by 4.7%, 13.5% and 20.5%, respectively, at heel angles of 5 degrees , 10 degrees , and 15 degrees compared to the upright condition. Due to changes in the airflow distribution around the sails, the aerodynamic force of sails in heeled to windward and heeled to leeward decreases by the reduced area of the low-pressure zone on the suction side and the high-pressure zone on the pressure side, respectively. Finally, a prediction scheme for assessing the effect of rolling motion on sail performance is proposed by steady heel results.