A stacking-based ensemble prediction method for multiobjective aerodynamic optimization of high-speed train nose shape

A stacking -based ensemble prediction method is proposed in order to improve the efficiency and accuracy of aerodynamic shape optimization. This can be divided into a two -level model. The first -level model uses various base learners to predict the training dataset and obtain various combinations of predictions. In the second -level model, the meta -learner is trained using various combinations of predictions as inputs and the true response values as outputs. The RMSE and R -Square metrics results show that the performance metrics of the stacked models are significantly better than those of the original surrogate models, except for the stacked RBFNN model. The stacked Kriging model and LSSVR model achieved the best results with RMSE and R -Square index values of 0.0039 and 0.8418 for aerodynamic drag coefficient, respectively. The stacked Kriging model, RBFNN model, and LSSVR model achieved the best results with RMSE and R -Square index values of 0.0024 and 0.76 for aerodynamic lift coefficient, respectively. Four state-of-the-art multiobjective optimization algorithms are used to perform the optimization process. The results of hypervolume and Pareto fronts demonstrate the effectiveness of the selected FDV-NSGAII algorithm. After optimization, the drag and lift coefficients before and after optimization are reduced by 1.9% and 12.7%, respectively.