The impact of digitalization, technological and financial innovation on environmental quality in OECD countries: Investigation of N-shaped EKC hypothesis

This research article aims to determine the interrelationships between digitalization, technological and financial innovation, and environmental quality in selected Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. This study also tests the validity of the N-shaped Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. To this end, we utilize a rigorous three-stage panel data econometrics approach. The empirical outcomes entail that financial innovation decreases carbon emissions, whereas technological innovation and digitalization increase carbon emissions in the OECD countries. The results further underscore that across all models, the first level of gross domestic product (GDP) harms environmental quality. On the flip side, the second level of GDP tends to improve environmental quality. However, the third level of GDP deteriorates environmental quality. In conclusion, the empirical findings corroborate the N-shaped EKC hypothesis in OECD countries, urging policymakers to adopt more sustainable development practices.