Impacts of Cropping Systems on Glyphosate and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid Contents and Microbial Community in Field Crop Soils in Quebec (Canada)

Glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) usage is ubiquitous in Quebec field crops, apart from organic management. As glyphosate generally degrades rapidly in agricultural soils, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) is produced and persists longer than glyphosate. Repeated GBH applications year after year raise questions about glyphosate and AMPA pseudo-persistence in soils and its possible impacts on the soil microbial community. This research aims at understanding the influence of cropping systems and edaphic properties on glyphosate and AMPA contents and on the diversity and composition of the soil microbial community across nine field crop fields located in Southern Quebec (Canada) during 2019 and 2020. Average glyphosate soil contents (0.16 +/- 0.15 mu g<middle dot>g-1 dry soil) were lower than average AMPA soil contents (0.37 +/- 0.24 mu g<middle dot>g-1 dry soil). Glyphosate and AMPA contents were significantly lower at sites cultivated under organic management than conventional management. For conventional sites, cumulative GBH doses had a significant effect on glyphosate soil contents measured at the end of the growing season, but not on AMPA soil contents. Sites with higher GBH applications appear to accumulate glyphosate over time in the 0-40 cm soil horizon. Glyphosate and AMPA soil contents are inversely proportional to soil pH. Soil prokaryotic and fungal communities' alpha-diversity, beta-diversity, and functional potential were not impacted by cumulative GBH doses, but rather by soil chemical properties, soil texture, crop rotation, and manure inputs.