Crocin-loaded zein beta-cyclodextrin nanoparticles: a promising strategy for inducing apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells

Nanotechnology is a promising field for developing drug delivery systems that can enhance therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we aimed to create crocin-loaded zein beta-cyclodextrin nanoparticles (CrZeCD-NPs) to evaluate the expression of genes associated with apoptosis. The nanoparticles were synthesized by encapsulating crocin within zein beta-cyclodextrin, a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer. We extensively characterized the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles using techniques such as dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential (ZP), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate their size distribution, morphology, and drug loading efficiency. Finally, we examined the cytotoxicity potential and ability of the formulation to induce apoptosis using fluorescent microscopy, flow cytometry, and real-time qPCR. The characterized nanoparticles had an average diameter of 165 nm with a narrow size distribution (zeta potential, - 8.05 mV; PDI, 0.24), indicating their potential as a drug delivery system. The encapsulation efficiency of crocin was found to be 96%, indicating successful loading of the drug within the nanoparticles. The anticancer properties of CrZeCD-NPs were tested, and they were found to significantly inhibit pancreatic cancer (IC50 = 22.6 mu g/ml) without showing any toxic impact on Huvec as a normal cell. The highest level of apoptosis was shown at the concentration of 66 mu g/mL in flow cytometry and fluorescent investigation. The real-time analysis demonstrated a significant upregulation of pro-apoptotic genes, including caspase 9 and p53, indicating the potential of crocin-loaded zein beta-cyclodextrin nanoparticles in promoting apoptosis. Based on this experiment, it can be concluded that CrZeCD-NPs may be suitable for future anti-cancer treatments. However, additional studies are necessary to investigate the efficacy and therapeutic potential of these nanoparticles in vivo. These studies could pave the way for future advancements in cancer treatment.