Understanding the effects of sub-inhibitory antibiotic concentrations on the development of β-lactamase resistance based on quantile regression analysis

Aims Quantile regression is an alternate type of regression analysis that has been shown to have numerous advantages over standard linear regression. Unlike linear regression, which uses the mean to fit a linear model, quantile regression uses a data set's quantiles (or percentiles), which leads to a more comprehensive analysis of the data. However, while relatively common in other scientific fields such as economic and environmental modeling, it is infrequently used to understand biological and microbiological systems.Methods and results We analyzed a set of bacterial growth rates using quantile regression analysis to better understand the effects of antibiotics on bacterial fitness. Using a bacterial model system containing 16 variant genotypes of the TEM beta-lactamase enzyme, we compared our quantile regression analysis to a previously published study that uses the Tukey's range test, or Tukey honestly significantly difference (HSD) test. We find that trends in the distribution of bacterial growth rate data, as viewed through the lens of quantile regression, can distinguish between novel genotypes and ones that have been clinically isolated from patients. Quantile regression also identified certain combinations of genotypes and antibiotics that resulted in bacterial populations growing faster as the antibiotic concentration increased-the opposite of what was expected. These analyses can provide new insights into the relationships between enzymatic efficacy and antibiotic concentration.Conclusions Quantile regression analysis enhances our understanding of the impacts of sublethal antibiotic concentrations on enzymatic (TEM beta-lactamase) efficacy and bacterial fitness. We illustrate that quantile regression analysis can link patterns in growth rates with clinically relevant mutations and provides an understanding of how increasing sub-lethal antibiotic concentrations, like those found in our modern environment, can affect bacterial growth rates, and provide insight into the genetic basis for varied resistance.