Impacts of central-Pacific El Ni?o and physical drivers on eastern Pacific bigeye tuna

Bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus is an important migratory species that forages deeply, and El Ni?o events highly influence its distribution in the eastern Pacific Ocean. While sea surface temperature is widely recognized as the main factor affecting bigeye tuna(BET) distribution during El Ni?o events, the roles of different types of El Ni?o and subsurface oceanic signals, such as ocean heat content and mixed layer depth, remain unclear. We conducted A spatial-temporal analysis to investigate the relationship among BET distribution, El Ni?o events, and the underlying oceanic signals to address this knowledge gap. We used monthly purse seine fisheries data of BET in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean(ETPO)from 1994 to 2012 and extracted the central-Pacific El Ni?o(CPEN) indices based on Ni?o 3 and Ni?o 4indexes. Furthermore, we employed Explainable Artificial Intelligence(XAI) models to identify the main patterns and feature importance of the six environmental variables and used information flow analysis to determine the causality between the selected factors and BET distribution. Finally, we analyzed Argo datasets to calculate the vertical, horizontal, and zonal mean temperature differences during CPEN and normal years to clarify the oceanic thermodynamic structure differences between the two types of years.Our findings reveal that BET distribution during the CPEN years is mainly driven by advection feedback of subsurface warmer thermal signals and vertically warmer habitats in the CPEN domain area, especially in high-yield fishing areas. The high frequency of CPEN events will likely lead to the westward shift of fisheries centers.