Alzheimer's Disease Overview and Pharmacologic Treatment

Affecting over 5 million Americans, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incurable, neurodegenerative disease. AD occurs in two forms: early-onset, which is genetically determined, and late-onset, influenced by cardiovascular, lifestyle, and genetic risk factors. In either case, AD results in cognitive dysfunction and memory impairment that affects a person's ability to perform everyday functions. Key pathologic changes have been identified in brain tissue that demonstrate increased levels of both the extracellular beta-amyloid peptide and the intracellular hyperphosphorylated microtubule-binding tau protein. Current treatment options for AD are limited and include cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine. These agents are utilized to improve symptoms, decrease memory impairment, and enhance cognition. Several ongoing clinical trials are being conducted with a specific focus on the beta-amyloid and tau hypotheses.