STEADY-STATE THERMODYNAMICS FOR CROSSED TRANSPORT PHENOMENA OF HEAT AND MATTER

Crossed transport phenomena of heat and matter are thermodynamically discussed by using transported enthalpy and entropy, and those of transport, without using linear kinetic equations. The steady-state thermodynamics developed here is effective in dealing with thermo-osmosis, thermal diffusion and thermoelectricity. It is important to distinguish between transported thermal quantities and those of transport in any case. All of the results obtained agree exactly with corresponding expressions of linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics based on the Onsager theorem of reciprocity. Quasithermodynamic ambiguities are consistently eliminated by introducing entropy generated internally, d(i)S, in harmony with the second law of thermodynamics. At the same time, a few points confused by many authors are corrected.