This article introduces 3 major factors of K. Wilber's (1999b) "all-quadrants, all-levels" model of defenses: the category of defense, the level of self development and defense, and the threat zone against which the self is defending. Through theoretical discussion and select clinical examples differentiating healthy and unhealthy expressions of psychological defense, the author explores their developmental nature. Implications for clinical assessment and intervention are raised throughout.
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Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Rehabil Counseling, POB 980330, Richmond, VA 23298 USAVirginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Rehabil Counseling, POB 980330, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
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Temple Univ, Dept Stat, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USAUniv No British Columbia, Dept Math & Stat, Prince George, BC V2L 5P2, Canada
Wang, Luqiang
Keen, Kevin John
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Univ No British Columbia, Dept Math & Stat, Prince George, BC V2L 5P2, CanadaUniv No British Columbia, Dept Math & Stat, Prince George, BC V2L 5P2, Canada
Keen, Kevin John
Holland, Burt
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Temple Univ, Dept Stat, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USAUniv No British Columbia, Dept Math & Stat, Prince George, BC V2L 5P2, Canada
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Comenius Univ, Fac Math Phys & Informat, Dept Appl Math & Stat, Bratislava 84248, SlovakiaComenius Univ, Fac Math Phys & Informat, Dept Appl Math & Stat, Bratislava 84248, Slovakia
Stehlikova, Beata
Zikova, Zuzana
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Comenius Univ, Fac Math Phys & Informat, Dept Appl Math & Stat, Bratislava 84248, SlovakiaComenius Univ, Fac Math Phys & Informat, Dept Appl Math & Stat, Bratislava 84248, Slovakia