THE ROLES OF VEHICLE AND GASEOUS-HYDROGEN DURING SHORT CONTACT TIME COAL-LIQUEFACTION

The roles of the vehicle and gaseous hydrogen during short contact time liquefaction (SCTL) in microreactors were examined by using a number of synthetic vehicles. The importance of vehicles during SCTL was evaluated on their ability to convert coal to tetrahydrofuran (THF)-soluble products. Reaction conditions were three minutes at 425 degree C following a one minute heat-up. Although the consumption of hydrogen (hydrogen donor or gaseous hydrogen) by reactive coal fragments is minimal during the early stages of liquefaction (as in SCTL reactions), hydrogen donors were important and could be ranked according to the extent of conversion to THF-soluble products. The importance of gaseous hydrogen was also studied. Gaseous hydrogen was needed if either quality or quantity of hydrogen donor was not adequate in a SCTL reaction. With certain synthetic vehicles, the SCTL stage of an integrated two-stage liquefaction process could be conducted in the absence of hydrogen. Solubility properties that might enhance solubilization of coal-derived products, and therefore the extent of liquefaction, were examined by varying the concentration of certain components (m-cresol and quinoline) of the synthetic vehicle mixtures. Solubility effects were minimal.