The profession of arms and the profession of accounting numbers - Accounting, the military and war: A review

Within the accounting history literature, there exists a small sub-realm that focuses on the nexus between accounting and war and accounting and the military. This article is a review of 55 articles published in the new millennium (2000-2017) ranging across a 420-year period, encompassing many wars and periods of peace, and involving multiple countries. Several accounting issues including procedures, costing, budgeting, disclosure, financing, efficiency gender and culpability emerge. The availability of existing accounting knowledge forms the basis of the review, with accounting shown to be adaptive and reactive to the needs of the military (and the state) in peacetime and wartime emergency. Specifically, in applying existing accounting knowledge, accounting contributes to the military or war. Where new accounting knowledge is developed, accounting is influenced either by the needs of the military or the dictates of war.